Which of the following is NOT one of the six steps of CRISP-DM?

• A. Business Understanding
• B. Evaluation
• C. Data Execution
• D. Deployment

Answer: (C)

CRISP-DM is organized into six phases: Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation, Modeling, Evaluation, and Deployment. Data Execution isn’t one of these formal phases; it sounds like a general idea of running data processes, but the framework doesn’t name a step that way. That’s why it’s the correct choice for the item asking which is NOT part of the six steps. The other options correspond to actual phases: Business Understanding defines objectives and success criteria, Evaluation assesses the model’s performance and business relevance, and Deployment involves putting the model into production.