Which phase directly follows Data Understanding in the CRISP-DM sequence?

• A. Deployment
• B. Evaluation
• C. Modeling
• D. Data Preparation

Answer: (D)

In CRISP-DM, after you understand what data you have and what quality issues or gaps exist, you move into Data Preparation. This phase focuses on cleaning, transforming, and organizing the data so it’s ready for modeling: handling missing values, integrating data from multiple sources, creating new features, and selecting the final set of variables to use. Only after the data is prepared do you proceed to build models. So the phase that directly follows Data Understanding is Data Preparation. The later steps—Modeling, Evaluation, and Deployment—come after you’ve prepared the data.